It is which gives you a choice of two features o 70+ pairs of legs – 1 or 2 pairs on each segment and you follow the one that applies: each choice leads o Fused head and thorax and segmented abdomen to another choice until the organism is narrowed down o Simple eyes to its genus and finally species. External intercostal falls downwards and muscles contract – pulls inwards In muscles: rib cage upwards and outwards Diaphragm muscles relax Glucose → lactic acid – returns to dome shape C6H12O6 → 2 C3H6O3 Diaphragm muscles contract – diaphragm Lung volume decreases – In yeast (single-cell fungi): moves upwards and pressure increases Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide Lung volume increases – Air is forced out C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + CO2 and pressure falls Disadvantages of anaerobic respiration: Air rushes in to equalise o Only produces 1/20 of the energy per glucose pressure molecule that aerobic respiration would o Produces poisonous lactic acid Lactic acid: o Transported in blood to heart, liver and kidneys, which oxidize it o The heart, liver and kidneys need extra oxygen to do this which causes you to continue breathing heavily after exercise. Biology – 0610 – IGCSE – Syllabus & Specimen Papers. During exercise, tissues respire at a higher rate, the change in breathing volume and rate helps to keep CO2 concentration and pH at safe levels. The limiting factor is now light or temperature (warmth) Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until it reaches optimum temperature 40°c (a) The limiting factor is the temperature Increasing the temperature above 40°c will cause the enzymes to denature (b) This will decrease rate of photosynthesis 6.5 Glasshouse Systems 6.7 Xylem To increase the crop yield, farmers control the limiting Unidirectional vessel which transports water and dissolved factors: minerals. Insects: (e.g. They also have elastic walls. A gene may be copied and specific functions passed on to the next generation 17.4 Meiosis Allele: any of two or more alternative forms of a gene Haploid nucleus: a nucleus containing a single set of Reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid unpaired chromosomes (e.g. live in symbiosis with the plants (nitrogen fixation), or this can happen because of lightning, or microorganisms Producers ‘fix’ only about 5-8% of that energy, because provide them through decomposition. Replication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids Negative Impacts of Intensive Livestock Production which make human protein as they express the gene oWelfare issues for the livestock oDiseases can spread easily among them 20.6 Genetically Modified Crops oWaste can pollute land and waterways nearby ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 21.2 Habitat Destruction Uniform in shape – easy Natural species may die Reason for habitat destruction to transport/ appeal Tastse often not as good oIncreased area for food crop growth, livestock consumers Lead to development of Growing season shorter super weeds – stronger production and housing Drought resistant – less than GM oExtraction of natural resources water No one knows long term oMarine pollution Higher yields effect on humans Through altering food webs, and food chains, humans 21. commerce subjects, languages and the technology subjects. starch test 6.1 Chlorophyll Is Necessary for Photosynthesis Take a potted plant with variegated (green and white) leaves. The emphasis throughout […] They use sugar for respiration and ammonium salts to make protein and The dough is kept in a warm, moist environment (28°c). of pathogen which antibodies may do it. Structure of non-endospermic seed: Wind pollinated flower structure: grass 16.4 Functions Formation of a seed: the zygote divides many times by mitosis to form and embryo. 7.6 Diarrhoea Digestion: the break-down of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water soluble molecules using Diarrhoea: when not enough water is absorbed from the mechanical and chemical processes faeces Mouth: contains teeth used for mechanical digestion, To cure this is to give oral rehydration therapy One of these this infectious by a bacterium causing the area where food is mixed with salivary amylase & where diseases cholera (spreads rapidly) ingestion takes place The cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes Salivary glands: produce saliva secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, which contains amylase causing diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of salts from the blood and helps food slide down oesophagus Oesophagus: tube- shaped organ which uses peristalsis to transport food 7.7 Teeth CANINE PREMOLAR MOLAR from mouth to stomach Stomach: has sphincters to INCISOR control movement into and also has pepsin (a protease) to break down proteins into peptides, it also kills bacteria with hydrochloric acid. Biology … Destarch the plant by keeping it in complete darkness for about 48 hours. Free summarized revision notes for international examination boards written for students, by students. Concise revision notes for the CIE IGCSE 0610/0970 Biology course. Drying effect and heat irritate lungs – destroys cilia Nicotine is addictive, it is also a stimulant, it increases Fungi: o Single-celled yeast reproduces by binary fission. wings or legs Anatomy: the detailed body structure determined by Reptiles: o Scales on skin dissection o Usually 4 legs Binomial system: a system of naming species in which o Lungs to breathe o Hard eggs the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus (starting with a capitol letter) Fish: and species (starting with a lower case letter), written in o Wet scales italics when printed (therefore underlined when written) o External fertilization and soft eggs e.g. IN CO2 CONC. Starch: Add few drops of iodine, +ve result = blue-black When the temperature is too low there is not enough colour kinetic energy for the reaction so it reacts too slowly. Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Notes PapaCambridge provides Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Notes and Resources that includes topical notes, unit wise notes, quick revision notes, detailed notes and a lot more. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. nephron to water is controlled Bladder: stores urine Renal capsule: filters from blood: water, glucose, urea 13.3 Dialysis and salts. o Greenish/yellow discharge from the penis or vagina o Inflammation of the testicles Causes secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of pubic hair and maturation of sexual organs. PAGE 10 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 7.9 Tooth Decay Vein: delivers absorbed products to liver via hepatic portal vein. The fact that it is recessive means that a heterozygous person can be a carrier: they have the allele but it is not expressed. organism to the next, beginning with a producer oEnergy is transferred between organisms in a food Evolution is caused by natural selection which is caused by a change in the environment chain by ingestion Producer: an organism that makes its own organic 18.5 Artificial Selection nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through Is breeding organisms with valued characteristics photosynthesis together in order to try to produce offspring which Consumer: an organism that gets its energy by feeding shares those useful characteristics (selective breeding). This covers all the topics and modules for all specifications including 0610. Substances diffuse between cells and tissue fluid. Child Development – 0637. Variation is natural or random changes in all living At each step, energy is lost to the environment. o Repair of damaged tissues: for example when you cut 17.1 Chromosome your skin, mitosis provides new cells to cover up cut. It’s the guarantee of PapaCambridge that you will find the latest notes and other resources of Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) like nowhere else. o This makes the hormones to keep the Corpus Luteum (Contains foetus’ blood) maintained which means that progesterone is high. the alleles present (e.g. Food chain: a chart showing the flow of energy (food) Variation leads to survival of the fittest since the from one organism to the next beginning with a variations in certain organisms allow that organism to producer, for example: have an advantage over the others in its species in that area Mahogany tree → caterpillar → song bird → hawk Food web: showing the transfer of energy from one The surviving organisms reproduce, since they don’t get eaten up, so variation has caused the species to evolve. o The root grows in direction of the gravitational pull. o Plant hormones or growth substances o Controls tropisms 15.3 Heroin o It is produced by cells at the tip of roots and shoots of Effects of the abuse of heroin: a powerful depressant plants Problems of addiction Severe withdrawal symptoms (vomiting, restlessness) Gravitropism: a response in which a plant grows towards Malnourishment as drug depresses appetite (positive) or away (negative) from gravity. around the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from the lungs Wilting: occurs if water loss is greater than water uptake – cells become flaccid, tissues become limp and plant no longer supported 8.5 Uptake of Water 9.2 The Heart Caused by water loss in leaves which lowers its water Bicuspid potential Water moves from xylem to leaf tissues via osmosis Water moves up the stem in the xylem due to tension (because of cohesion of water molecules to each other) caused by water loss from the leaves Ends with the gain of water through roots This upward flow of water is called the transpiration stream 8.6 Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration Septum Temperature: higher temperatures increase water- Right atrium: collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to holding capacity of air and increases transpiration rate right ventricle Humidity: low humidity increases water potential Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs gradient between leaf and atmosphere increasing transpiration rate Light intensity: high light intensity causes stomata to open (to allow more photosynthesis) which causes increase in transpiration PAGE 12 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from The heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen & glucose, right ventricle to lungs and poisonous wastes such as lactic acid build up. Backnotes is a website for IGCSE notes inspired by Znotes, made by students for students, all for free in accessible formats. heart Flexible Has Organ system: group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions e.g. They contain varying amount of FSH and LH. Two identical homozygous o Made from long chains of amino acids (20) individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding o DNA bases are read as triplets o DNA is found in the nucleus Heterozygous: having two different alleles of a particular o Protein synthesis happens on ribosome in cytoplasm gene (e.g. impulses to the hypothalamus Shivering: muscular activity generates heat Auxins’ role in phototropism: Thermoregulatory centre: in the hypothalamus, it o If sun shines on right side of a plant’s shoot, auxins will accumulate on dark opposite left side. Pancreatic amylase and trypsin (a protease) break and biting cutting Two roots down starch and peptides into maltose and amino 7.8 Structure of a Tooth acids o Ileum: Maltase breaks down maltose to glucose. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology (9700) Notes Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. in Down’s syndrome, where a parent’s chromosomes are unevenly distributed in meiosis. osmosis because water potential is Translocation in different seasons: higher in soil than o Spring: sucrose transported from stores in roots to in cytoplasm. Reducing sugars: Add Benedict’s reagent, then mixture 5.2 Effect of pH on Enzymes is heated in water bath for 2 to 3 minutes. oE.g. “ZNotes” and the ZNotes logo are trademarks of ZNotes Education Limited. Like this book? TT or gg). Hormones can be used as weed killers: spraying with high concentrations of hormone (2,4-D) upsets normal growth patterns. 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